Docker on ARM will work, Docker for x86 will not. The State of the Union showed a demo of Hypervisor.framework with Parallels, and they made it clear that Debian AArch64 was running (uname -a). Since Docker runs inside a VM on the Mac, it'll have to be an ARM VM with ARM containers.
(Presumably, running docker build with your Dockerfile will make it work just fine, unless you need x86 specific libraries).
Could you run the linux docker machine on aarch64 and just the docker container/process on JIT-x86? The majority of syscalls doesn't care about architecture, do they?
And the OS should theoretically be agnostic to the machine code the application is written in. Probably requires some cooperation on part of the linux docker host.
Did I get the idea across?
You would go to hell for implementing that either way
You should be able to, since everything Docker runs inside of a Linux VM. You don't get to use Rosetta though (since it's a macOS thing), and the performance may be poor.
(Presumably, running docker build with your Dockerfile will make it work just fine, unless you need x86 specific libraries).